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Vatican City is recognized as the smallest independent nation in the world, covering approximately 44 hectares (108 acres) within Rome, Italy. It serves as the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church, with the pope acting as both its religious leader and head of state. Established in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty, Vatican City emerged from an agreement between the Italian government and the Catholic Church, defining its sovereignty and responsibilities. The city-state is encircled by historic walls and contains significant cultural landmarks, including St. Peter's Basilica, which is believed to be built over the tomb of St. Peter, and the renowned Sistine Chapel, adorned with Michelangelo's iconic frescoes. Vatican City's government operates under a unique structure where the pope holds absolute power over both the Holy See and the city-state, supported by the Roman Curia and the governorate. The Vatican Gardens, a significant portion of Vatican City's territory, offer a serene landscape and are home to various functional spaces. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Vatican City stands out for its unparalleled artistic and architectural treasures, making it a vital destination for both pilgrims and tourists alike.